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TidBITS#320/25-Mar-96
=====================
So you think you know how the Macintosh came into existence?
Pioneer Mac developer Bruce Horn sheds some light on the Mac's
early development. Also, check out the latest news on PageMill
and SiteMill updates, details on the new version of APS
PowerTools, and last week's lost Newton MailBIT. Finally, we
round out the issue with another installment of InterviewBITS,
this time with Darryl Peck, founder of Inline Software and
Cyberian Outpost
This issue of TidBITS sponsored in part by:
* APS Technologies -- 800/443-4199 -- <sales@apstech.com>
Makers of hard drives, tape drives, and neat SCSI accessories.
For APS price lists, email: <aps-prices@tidbits.com>
* Northwest Nexus -- 206/455-3505 -- <http://www.halcyon.com/>
Providing access to the global Internet. <info@halcyon.com>
* Power Computing -- 800/375-7693 -- <info@powercc.com>
Now shipping... The Award-Winning First MacOS Compatible!
Press comments! <http://www.powercc.com/News/quotes.html>
* America Online -- 800/827-6364 -- <http://www.aol.com/>
The world's largest provider of online services.
Give Back to the Net -- <http://www.aol.com/give/>
* EarthLink Network -- 800/395-8425 -- <sales@earthlink.net>
Providers of direct Internet access for Macintosh users.
For eWorld refugees: no setup fee! <http://www.earthlink.net/>
* DealBITS: Deals on wheels for denizens of the net.
<http://www.tidbits.com/dealbits/> -- <dealbits@tidbits.com>
Copyright 1990-1996 Adam & Tonya Engst. Details at end of issue.
Information: <info@tidbits.com> Comments: <editors@tidbits.com>
---------------------------------------------------------------
Topics:
MailBITS/25-Mar-96
New Version of APS PowerTools
On Xerox, Apple, and Progress
InterviewBITS with Darryl Peck, Part 1 of 2
Reviews/25-Mar-96
<ftp://ftp.tidbits.com/pub/tidbits/issues/1996/TidBITS#320_25-Mar-96.etx>
MailBITS/25-Mar-96
------------------
If you're interested in reading a short interview I did recently
and learning more about the computer book industry, check out:
[ACE]
<http://www.studiob.com/cafe.html>
**EarthLink Network Sponsoring TidBITS** -- We're pleased to
welcome our latest sponsor, the national Internet provider
EarthLink Network. EarthLink is best known for expanding from
being a Los Angeles-area provider to offering flat-rate nationwide
dialup service in 210 cities and also an inexpensive (as it goes)
800 number for dialup access. EarthLink offers true Internet
connections, and their TotalAccess package provides an automated
signup process via a customized version of MacPPP, and installs
licensed copies of Netscape and Eudora Light.
I've followed EarthLink Network from its beginnings, because in a
small way I'm responsible for their existence. Way back in late
1993 or early 1994, EarthLink founder Sky Dayton bought my book,
Internet Starter Kit for Macintosh, and - after reading it - sent
me mail asking what I thought about creating an integrated
Internet program. He was ready to find funding and hire
programmers, but I talked him out of it over the course of a few
messages. Then, in June of 1994, I got mail from Sky again, saying
he'd put the integrated Internet program project on the back
burner and was starting an Internet service provider in LA. At the
time, there were hardly any providers in LA, and none, if I
remember right, who knew much about the Mac and PPP connections.
I remember thinking then, as I do now, that being an Internet
service provider isn't a job I'd like to have, but Sky and the
folks he hired to work with him at EarthLink have done an
incredible job of growing the company, so much so that at times
they've had troubling training people quickly enough. When I
stopped by the EarthLink booth at Macworld SF this year and asked
for Sky, the woman I spoke with had only been working with
EarthLink for a few days and didn't even realize who Sky was. Such
are the problems with growth, and going national opened the
floodgates. Once you're caught up in the floodwaters, though, it's
best to go all out, and I wish them luck. [ACE]
**Newtons in the Dark** -- Apple recently announced the Newton
MessagePad 130, which resembles its predecessor, the MessagePad
120, but adds several key features, including a user-controllable
backlit screen, a new writing surface that's more durable and less
prone to glare, and 512K of additional system memory. The 130 has
8 MB of ROM and 2.5 MB of RAM, resulting in 1,361K of RAM
available to the user. Apple expects the 130 to be available
beginning in April for $799. Apple's propaganda didn't mention any
upgrade programs from previous models. [ACE]
**As the Update Mill Turns** -- In the wake of its withdrawal of
PageMill 1.0.1, Adobe has quickly released PageMill 1.0.2.
PageMill devotees will recall that 1.0.1 brought PageMill up to
the level of the PageMill portion of Adobe's recently released
SiteMill 1.0 (see TidBITS-317_). But, both PageMill 1.0.1 and
SiteMill 1.0 have a problem which manifested itself by damaging
graphics. The PageMill 1.0 to 1.0.2 and 1.0.1 to 1.0.2 updaters
fix the problem, as does the SiteMill 1.0 to SiteMill 1.0.2
updater.
You can download updaters for PageMill 1.0, PageMill 1.0.1, and
SiteMill from Adobe's Web site. Adobe's FTP site currently offers
a PageMill 1.0 to 1.0.2 updater and a SiteMill updater, but no
PageMill 1.0.1 to 1.0.2 updater. Adobe has also posted updated
PageMill documentation, which now includes an index. [TJE]
<http://www.adobe.com/Software.html>
<ftp://ftp.adobe.com/pub/adobe/Applications/PageMill/>
New Version of APS PowerTools
-----------------------------
by Florin Neumann <florin@quartz.geology.utoronto.ca>
APS Technologies, a leading vendor of data storage devices for the
Mac [and a sponsor of TidBITS -Adam] has recently released version
4.0 of its disk management utility, APS PowerTools, which is
bundled with every APS drive.
<http://www.apstech.com/>
ProSoft Engineering wrote version 3 of APS PowerTools for APS, but
after the release of version 3.6 the contract with ProSoft was
discontinued, and APS licensed PowerTools 4.0.x from CharisMac
Engineering. Version 3.6 has several small bugs, which ProSoft -
though no longer bound by contract to support it - fixed in
version 3.8. APS, though it no longer supports PowerTools 3, has
placed upgrades to version 3.8 on its FTP site. These actions are
both remarkable and commendable.
**PowerTools 4** -- With version 4.0, PowerTools now supports a
wide range of disk drives, including IDE drives and the new low-
cost removable Zip drive. In other respects, though, version 4
offers the same capabilities as version 3, albeit with a different
interface. I'm not as fond of version 4's interface; it feels more
sluggish than 3.8 on my LC 475 and Power Mac 7100/80, and there
are a few confusing items. For instance, in version 4, SCSI ID 7
(which 3.8 doesn't show because it's always assigned to the Mac
CPU) is identified only as "INITIATOR" - a term familiar to SCSI
propeller-heads that may confuse users unfamiliar with SCSI
terminology. (There's no entry in the manual index for initiator.)
One good thing about version 4.0, though, is the Help menu, which
concisely describes every command.
The Drive Controls control panel from version 3 has been replaced
by the APT Extension/APT Mounter application tandem. The APT
Extension loads device drivers at startup and displays a SCSI bus
status window, showing the SCSI devices as they mount; the APT
Mounter is used to configure the extension and to mount devices
after startup. An optional performance-enhancing utility that lets
users change internal drive settings, APS PowerControl, comes with
PowerTools as the APS PowerTools Professional Package.
APS PowerTools 3 and 4 are intended to support only APS drives and
although APS PowerTools 4's end-user license is for APS drives
only, it supports a wider range of drives than version 3, many of
which were never sold by APS.
Should you upgrade to APS PowerTools 4? If you're happy with
version 3, sticking with or upgrading to version 3.8 may be your
easiest option. If you have drives from other manufacturers -
especially something like a Zip drive - and you don't mind the
backup/reformat/restore process involved, you can't beat the cost
of upgrading.
**Upgrades** -- If you already have PowerTools 4, note that the
program is currently at version 4.0.4. Version 4.0.4 contains
numerous bug fixes and enhancements (check the PowerTools Updates
directory on the APS FTP site for a complete list of changes).
Updates from older versions of PowerTools 3.x to version 3.8 are
also available.
<ftp://ftp.apstech.com/PowerTools_Updates/> (use with Anarchie or Fetch)
<ftp://ftp.apstech.com/Pub/PowerTools_Updates/> (use with Web browsers)
Users of PowerTools version 3 who wish to upgrade to version 4
should contact APS Technologies Sales at 800/233-7550 or
<sales@apstech.com>. The update costs $4.95 and is delivered by
regular mail. If you decide to upgrade, note that - as is usual
when switching from one disk formatting package to another -
installing a new driver requires reinitializing (and thus a full
backup and restore) the disk, because partition maps are
different.
APS also has a separate CD-ROM support package called APS CD
Autocache 1.1.2. It too is available as an inexpensive update for
APS PowerTools 3 users, and updates from previous versions are
available at the URLs below.
<ftp://ftp.apstech.com/APS_CD-Autocache/> (use with Anarchie or Fetch)
<ftp://ftp.apstech.com/Pub/APS_CD-Autocache/> (use with Web browsers)
On Xerox, Apple, and Progress
-----------------------------
by Bruce Horn <bruce.horn@alumni.cs.cmu.edu>
[Any number of people will try to tell you about the origins of
the Macintosh, but Bruce Horn was one of the people who made it
happen. From 1973 to 1981, Bruce was a student in the Learning
Research Group at Xerox, where Smalltalk, an interactive, object-
oriented programming language, was developed. While there, he
worked on various projects including the NoteTaker, a portable
Smalltalk machine, and wrote the initial Dorado Smalltalk
microcode for Smalltalk-76. At the Central Institute for
Industrial Research in Oslo, Norway, in 1980, he ported Smalltalk-
78 to an 8086 machine, the Mycron-2000.
At Apple (1981-1984), Bruce's contributions included the design
and implementation of the Resource Manager, the Dialog Manager and
the Finder (with implementation help from Steve Capps). He was
also responsible for the type framework for documents,
applications, and clipboard data, and a number of system-level
design decisions. Since then, Bruce consulted on a variety of
projects in the late 1980's at Apple and received a Ph.D. in
Computer Science from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1993. He
continues to work as a computer science consultant with Apple and
other companies.]
**Where It All Began** -- For more than a decade now, I've
listened to the debate about where the Macintosh user interface
came from. Most people assume it came directly from Xerox, after
Steve Jobs went to visit Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center).
This "fact" is reported over and over, by people who don't know
better (and also by people who should!). Unfortunately, it just
isn't true - there are some similarities between the Apple
interface and the various interfaces on Xerox systems, but the
differences are substantial.
Steve did see Smalltalk when he visited PARC. He saw the Smalltalk
integrated programming environment, with the mouse selecting text,
pop-up menus, windows, and so on. The Lisa group at Apple built a
system based on their own ideas combined with what they could
remember from the Smalltalk demo, and the Mac folks built yet
another system. There is a significant difference between using
the Mac and Smalltalk.
Smalltalk has no Finder, and no need for one, really. Drag-and-
drop file manipulation came from the Mac group, along with many
other unique concepts: resources and dual-fork files for storing
layout and international information apart from code; definition
procedures; drag-and-drop system extension and configuration;
types and creators for files; direct manipulation editing of
document, disk, and application names; redundant typed data for
the clipboard; multiple views of the file system; desk
accessories; and control panels, among others. The Lisa group
invented some fundamental concepts as well: pull down menus, the
imaging and windowing models based on QuickDraw, the clipboard,
and cleanly internationalizable software.
Smalltalk had a three-button mouse and pop-up menus, in contrast
to the Mac's menu bar and one-button mouse. Smalltalk didn't even
have self-repairing windows - you had to click in them to get them
to repaint, and programs couldn't draw into partially obscured
windows. Bill Atkinson did not know this, so he invented regions
as the basis of QuickDraw and the Window Manager so that he could
quickly draw in covered windows and repaint portions of windows
brought to the front. One Macintosh feature identical to a
Smalltalk feature is selection-based modeless text editing with
cut and paste, which was created by Larry Tesler for his Gypsy
editor at PARC.
As you may be gathering, the difference between the Xerox system
architectures and Macintosh architecture is huge; much bigger than
the difference between the Mac and Windows. It's not surprising,
since Microsoft saw quite a bit of the Macintosh design (API's,
sample code, etc.) during the Mac's development from 1981 to 1984;
the intention was to help them write applications for the Mac, and
it also gave their system designers a template from which to
design Windows. In contrast, the Mac and Lisa designers had to
invent their own architectures. Of course, there were some ex-
Xerox people in the Lisa and Mac groups, but the design point for
these machines was so different that we didn't leverage our
knowledge of the Xerox systems as much as some people think.
The hardware itself was an amazing step forward as well. It
offered an all-in-one design, four-voice sound, small footprint,
clock, auto-eject floppies, serial ports, and so on. The small,
portable, appealing case was a serious departure from the ugly-
box-on-an-ugly-box PC world, thanks to Jerry Manock and his crew.
Even the packaging showed amazing creativity and passion - do any
of you remember unpacking an original 128K Mac? The Mac, the
unpacking instructions, the profusely-illustrated and beautifully-
written manuals, and the animated practice program with audio
cassette were tastefully packaged in a cardboard box with Picasso-
style graphics on the side.
**Looking Back** -- In my opinion, the software architectures
developed at Xerox for Smalltalk and the Xerox Star were
significantly more advanced than either the Mac or Windows. The
Star was a tremendous accomplishment, with features that current
systems haven't even started to implement, though I see OpenDoc as
a strong advance past the Xerox systems. I have great respect for
the amazing computer scientists at Xerox PARC, who led the way
with innovations we all take for granted now, and from whom I
learned a tremendous amount about software design.
Apple could have developed a more complex, sophisticated system
rivaling the Xerox architectures. But the Mac had to ship, and it
had to be relatively inexpensive - we couldn't afford the time or
expense of the "best possible" design. As a "little brother" to
the Lisa, the Macintosh didn't have multitasking or protection -
we didn't have space for the extra code or stack required. The
original Macintosh had extremely tight memory and disk
constraints; for example, the Resource Manager took up less than
3,000 bytes of code in the ROM, and the Finder was only 46K on
disk. We made _many_ design decisions that we regretted to some
extent - even at the time some of us felt disappointed at the
compromises we had to make - but if we had done it differently,
would we have shipped at all?
**The Past and Future** -- In many ways, the computing world has
made remarkably small advances since 1976, and we continually
reinvent the wheel. Smalltalk had a nice bytecoded multi-platform
virtual machine long before Java. Object oriented programming is
the hot thing now, and it's almost 30 years old (see the Simula-67
language). Environments have not progressed much either: I feel
the Smalltalk environments from the late 1970's are the most
pleasant, cleanest, fastest, and smoothest programming
environments I have ever used. Although CodeWarrior is reasonably
good for C++ development, I haven't seen anything that compares
favorably to the Smalltalk systems I used almost 20 years ago. The
Smalltalk systems of today aren't as clean, easy to use, or well-
designed as the originals, in my opinion.
We are not even _close_ to the ultimate computing-information-
communication device. We have much more work to do on system
architectures and user interfaces. In particular, user interface
design must be driven by deep architectural issues and not just
new graphical appearances; interfaces are structure, not image.
Neither Copland nor Windows 95 (nor NT, for that matter) represent
the last word on operating systems. Unfortunately, market forces
are slowing the development of the next revolution. Still, I think
you can count on Apple being the company bringing these
improvements to next generation systems.
I'm sure some things I remember as having originated at Apple were
independently developed elsewhere. But the Mac brought them to the
world.
[This article originally appeared in Guy Kawasaki's Evangelist -
for more information send email to <evangelist@macway.com>.]
InterviewBITS with Darryl Peck, Part 1 of 2
-------------------------------------------
by Adam C. Engst <ace@tidbits.com>
Welcome to the second installment of InterviewBITS. This interview
is with Darryl Peck <dpeck@cybout.com> whose name is less familiar
than that of our previous interviewee, Peter N Lewis. Nonetheless,
Darryl has been a major participant in the world of the Macintosh
for years, and most recently, has expanded his horizons to the
Internet. Darryl was president of the New York Mac Users' Group
(NYMUG) for a year after being the group's sysop. Darryl then
started Inline Software, a small Macintosh publishing firm known
for some innovative utilities and about a dozen games, including
the relatively recent PopupFolder and the Eddy Award-winning 3 in
Three. After running Inline Software for six years, Darryl sold
the company to Focus Enhancements, which has done little with the
Inline products. Next, in mid-1995, Darryl founded Cyberian
Outpost, a retailer of hardware and software on the Web. Cyberian
Outpost is unusual in the Internet retailing market for being run
primarily on Macs and catering more to the Macintosh world than
many other Internet retailers.
<http://www.cybout.com>
* [Adam] Can you tell us about the history of Inline Software -
who, why, what products, and so on...?
[Darryl] It's a funny story. Inline was started purely by
accident. An old friend and I had started a company called Inline
Design that was meant to be a furniture and yacht design firm.
While we were trying to pull that together, I went to northern
California for a few months to write articles for magazines,
mostly automotive-related (when I am not in front of my computer I
am probably watching a race with my three-year-old daughter), and
finally bought myself a Mac instead of writing on legal pads. I
bought a Mac Plus, a $750 20 MB hard disk, an ImageWriter II, and
a 1200 baud modem.
However my writing productivity went directly into the toilet as I
discovered the world of BBSs and CompuServe. I slept an average of
two hours a night for the first six weeks I had the Mac and
actually wrote a few freeware HyperCard stacks that found their
way around the planet. I think I downloaded every file on every
Mac BBS in northern California within a few weeks. I couldn't get
enough of it. I was seriously hooked on my Mac and thought of
pitching a tent in Cupertino just to hang around Apple.
In any case, I returned to my native New York City, got heavily
involved with NYMUG, and found out that the friend I started
Inline with had actually been accepted as an Apple Developer. He
did it just so he could buy a Mac II for half price, but for me,
it was a gold mine of information and tons of cool stuff with
Apple logos. I loved it! However, Apple called one day to ask what
we had developed since that was a requirement to stay in the
program. The thought of losing my flow of Apple stuff was so
horrifying that I decided to find a way to stay in the program.
It turned out that my friend had a friend who was heavily into
gaming and was just finishing a HyperCard-based game called
Bomber, which he intended to post as shareware. I convinced him to
let me publish it by saying that if we sold 5,000 copies we would
have about $100,000 in return. He bought the proposal and off we
went. Rather than start another company, I used the Inline Design
name we had already registered. Since I did not anticipate this
being much more than a way to stay in the developer's program, I
didn't want to spend an extra dime. I was still working in the
film business as a gaffer so I had to run Inline on my days off
and at nights.
* [Adam] A gaffer? Hang on a second. You just said you had started
a furniture and yacht design firm, but had gone off to California
to write articles for automotive magazines. Where does being a
gaffer fit in - and what the heck _is_ a gaffer anyway?
[Darryl] A gaffer does the lighting for film and television,
although I lit mostly television commercials. I had been working
as a gaffer for about 10 years when we started the design firm.
Since the design firm never really got going, I continued to earn
a living making commercials for Federal Express (the funny ones),
McDonalds, Nissan, Miller Lite, etc.
And, if you want a great piece of trivia, the term gaffer comes
from the old days in England when a gentleman went around lighting
the gas lights each day at dusk. The tool he used to reach up to
light the torch was called a gaffe. Now your readers know a top
trade secret.
* [Adam] Sorry to interrupt. You were saying about Inline Design?
[Darryl] Meanwhile, back at Inline Design, in short time we had
sold over 10,000 copies [of Bomber] and I made a decision to
resign from the film craftsman union and devote myself to Inline.
I didn't have much choice since I was running the company out of
my studio apartment on the Upper West Side and manufacturing the
product on the bed. I would shrink wrap boxes until four or five
in the morning each night. Since we included a free pair of
headphones in every box, and I had to buy them in bulk, I had
cartons piled to the ceiling in every square inch of the tiny
apartment. The neighbors thought something strange was going on,
but then again, we had the police running through the building on
a regular basis with their guns out looking for burglars, so it
was easy to overlook the shrink wrap fumes.
Eventually I got married and moved to the woods in Sharon,
Connecticut. My wife helped me run the company out of a spare
room, and we got a company to manufacture the product. We came out
with Darwin's Dilemma in 1990 and in 1991 released Swamp Gas
Visits the USA, 3 in Three, and Mutant Beach. 3 in Three won the
Eddy Award that year for best game. Swamp Gas was nominated as
well, but lost out to Kid Pix. And, we finally hired our first
employee.
As sales grew we decided to leave the house for a real office. So,
we packed everything up and moved to a gorgeous 7,700 square foot,
150-year-old Victorian house that had been converted into
corporate offices. We added more employees and released several
more titles, including the Microseeds line of utilities that added
considerably to our product line. New titles and re-released
titles included Firefall Arcade, Swamp Gas Europe, INITPicker,
Redux Deluxe, HAM, Icon 7, and PopupFolder.
* [Adam] Why did you decide to sell out to Focus? Was it a good
idea, in retrospect?
[Darryl] There was no question that the rapid consolidation in the
software industry was beginning to hurt us. It was difficult to
compete with companies that could afford to lose $50 million in
one year (Spectrum Holobyte). Then Microsoft entered the consumer
market and hired a small crew of 500 people to make it happen. The
writing was on the wall. It was time to get out.
We looked at many alternatives and felt pressure to move quickly.
In hindsight, we made the wrong choice in a big way. It's no
secret Focus has done nothing with the line and has lost a few of
the titles completely due to lack of effort. As much as I would
love to say more on this issue, I am contractually bound not to
tell the real story. Too bad too, it's a good one...
* [Adam] OK, enough about Inline then. What gave you the idea of
starting Cyberian Outpost?
[Darryl] Frankly, I needed a job. When I returned from my seven
months of exile in Woburn, Massachusetts trying to run Inline for
a company that didn't have a clue about software, I spent my first
unemployed time in 23 years thinking about what to do. I had a few
offers from software companies to run them, but I felt strongly
that the time had passed for small, ill-funded software companies.
So, I went to San Francisco for Macworld Expo, which I hadn't
missed in nine years, and did some consulting there. The other
thing I did there was buy your book, Internet Starter Kit for
Macintosh.
* [Adam] Thank you.
[Darryl] Although I had been an online junkie since I bought a
Mac, I had never explored the Internet. I had spent thousands of
hours on CompuServe, a few hours on AOL (never my favorite place),
used CONNECT (how many of you remember that dismal affair?), tried
Prodigy (for about 10 minutes), and ran a BBS for NYMUG. But on
the plane home from San Francisco, I read Internet Starter Kit for
Macintosh cover to cover and decided to become an Internet junkie.
I got home at around 2 AM, did some research on Internet service
providers (ISPs), and was happily surfing the net by noon. The
guys at Connix (my ISP) still think I'm a bit nuts. I told them I
had to have an account right away and could not wait. Basically, I
told them it was a matter of life or death. Dramatic, eh?
So, I fired up MacWeb (thanks for the disk in the book!) and saw
the Web for the first time. Within a few minutes I knew I had
found my place in life. I saw instantly that the Web would change
everything. Global boundaries disintegrated. Computer platforms
would become irrelevant. Retail would never be the same. OK, so
maybe some of these ideas took a few weeks to put together, but I
spent 12 to 16 hours a day on the Web and visited thousands of
sites during that time.
Eventually, the idea of conducting computer retail on the Web
began to form. I felt the Web provided huge benefits over paper-
based catalogs and retail stores, and that by using the technology
to its fullest, a virtual store could grab market share from the
established players. Hundreds of hours went into the business plan
and research. And since most of the research took place on the Web
itself, it was a real pleasure putting in the time.
* [Adam] So you started Cyberian Outpost. The media talks a lot
about how no one's making any money on the Web. Are you?
[Darryl] Yes. We are probably one of the very few making money. We
are not making much, as we prefer to re-invest nearly all our
earnings in growing the company, but there is no question that we
have done extremely well.
[Tune in next week for the second part of this interview, in which
Darryl talks about his experiences with Cyberian Outpost. -Adam]
Reviews/25-Mar-96
-----------------
* MacWEEK -- 18-Mar-96, Vol. 10, #11
PowerBook Duo 2300c -- pg. 29
Extreme 3D 1.0 -- pg. 29
PowerBook 5300c -- pg. 30
PowerBook Storage Options -- pg. 35
SanDisk 85 MB FlashDisk
Simple Technologies 170 MB DataCard
VST Expansion Bay Hard Disk
$$
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